Glossary · 646 terms · 1,812 transaction codes

The SAP glossary for people who sign off on releases

Plain-English definitions of SAP, S/4HANA, RISE, Basis, testing and ERP terms, written for practitioners, with a transaction code directory that shows what changed between ECC and S/4HANA.

Transaction code directory

1,812 SAP transaction codes, ECC and S/4HANA

Finance, logistics, Basis and cross-application codes, with what replaced them in S/4HANA and the matching Fiori apps.

A

ABAP: SAP's proprietary programming language for business applications on the ABAP application server.
ABAP Cloud: SAP's development model using a restricted ABAP language version, released APIs only, ADT, and RAP for upgrade-stable code.
ABAP Debugger: The tool for stepping through ABAP code at runtime, inspecting variables, and setting breakpoints.
ABAP Development ToolsADT: The Eclipse-based IDE for ABAP, required for CDS, RAP, and ABAP Cloud development.
ABAP DictionaryDDIC: The central repository of database tables, views, data elements, domains, and structures in an ABAP system.
ABAP List ViewerALV: SAP's standard grid and list control for displaying, sorting, filtering, and exporting tabular report output.
ABAP Managed Database ProcedureAMDP: An ABAP class method implemented in SQLScript and executed directly in SAP HANA.
ABAP Objects: The object-oriented extension of ABAP providing classes, interfaces, inheritance, and events.
ABAP Platform: The technical foundation of S/4HANA, succeeding SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP, released in step with each S/4HANA version.
ABAP RESTful Application Programming ModelRAP: SAP's model for building transactional and analytical Fiori apps and APIs using CDS, behavior definitions, and services.
ABAP Runtime Analysis: SAP's profiler (SAT) for measuring execution time of ABAP statements, database accesses, and calls.
ABAP Runtime ErrorShort Dump: An abnormal program termination recorded with diagnostic details in transaction ST22.
ABAP Test CockpitATC: SAP's framework for running static checks on ABAP code, including syntax, performance, security, and S/4HANA readiness.
ABAP Unit: SAP's built-in unit testing framework for ABAP classes and programs.
ABAP Workbench: The SAP GUI-based development environment for ABAP programs, dictionary objects, and screens.
abapGit: An open-source Git client for ABAP that serializes repository objects to Git repositories.
Acceptance Criteria: Conditions a deliverable must satisfy to be accepted by the business owner.
Access Risk AnalysisARA: Analysis of users and roles against a ruleset to identify SoD conflicts and critical access.
Access Sequence: A search strategy that defines the order of condition tables checked to find a condition record.
Account Assignment Category: A key on purchase order items that defines the cost object to charge, such as K for cost center or A for asset.
Account Determination: Configuration that automatically derives GL accounts for postings from logistics transactions.
Accounts PayableAP: The FI sub-ledger that manages supplier invoices, liabilities, and outgoing payments.
Accounts ReceivableAR: The FI sub-ledger that manages customer invoices, open items, incoming payments, and dunning.
Acquire to RetireA2R: The fixed asset lifecycle from acquisition and capitalization through depreciation, transfer, and retirement.
Activity Type: A CO unit of output from a cost center, such as machine hours, valued at a planned rate.
Actual Costing: A material ledger function that calculates actual periodic unit prices by rolling up price and exchange-rate differences.
Advanced DataStore ObjectaDSO: The central BW/4HANA persistence object for storing data at various layers of a data warehouse.
Advanced Planning and OptimizationAPO: SAP's legacy supply chain planning solution within SAP SCM, covering demand planning, SNP, PP/DS, and GATP.
Agile: An iterative delivery philosophy emphasizing incremental value, collaboration, and adaptation to change.
AI Agent: Software that uses an LLM to plan and perform multistep tasks by calling tools and systems with some autonomy.
AI Governance: Policies, roles, and controls for responsible use of AI, covering risk, privacy, security, transparency, and accountability.
AI-Assisted Testing: Using AI to generate test cases, test data, scripts, or analysis, and to maintain automated tests.
AI-Driven Development LifecycleAI-DLC: A software delivery methodology in which AI agents drive planning, design, and build work while humans validate and decide at checkpoints.
Analytical Query: A CDS view with analytics annotations that defines measures, dimensions, and filters for multidimensional reporting.
API Management: Capabilities for publishing, securing, throttling, and monitoring APIs through a gateway and developer portal.
API Testing: Testing services such as OData, SOAP, or REST directly at the interface level, without the user interface.
Application Jobs (Fiori): The S/4HANA Fiori app and framework for scheduling and monitoring business jobs from templates.
Application Link EnablingALE: SAP's framework for distributing master and transactional data between systems via IDocs.
Application Programming InterfaceAPI: A defined interface through which software components exchange data or invoke functions.
Application Server: A server instance running SAP application work processes that execute ABAP programs.
ASAP MethodologyASAP: SAP's earlier waterfall-oriented implementation methodology (Accelerated SAP), preceding SAP Activate.
Assessment and Distribution: CO period-end allocation cycles that move costs from sender cost centers to receivers using defined rules.
Asset AccountingFI-AA: The FI sub-ledger for managing fixed assets through acquisition, depreciation, transfer, and retirement.
Asset Class: A grouping of fixed assets that provides default account determination, depreciation terms, and screen layout.
Asset Under ConstructionAuC: A special asset type that collects capital costs until a fixed asset is completed and settled to final assets.
Audit Trail: Chronological evidence of who did what and when, used to demonstrate control and compliance.
Authorization Check: The runtime test of whether a user holds an authorization object with required field values.
Authorization Concept: The design of roles, authorization objects, and user assignment that controls what each user can do in SAP.
Authorization Default Values (SU24): Proposal values defining which authorization objects and values are pulled into roles when a transaction or app is added.
Authorization Object: A definition of up to ten fields, such as activity and company code, checked by programs to permit actions.
Automated Test FrameworkATF: ServiceNow's built-in tool for creating and running automated tests on the platform.
Automatic Payment ProgramAPP: The FI program that selects due open items and creates outgoing payments and payment media for suppliers or customers.
Available-to-PromiseATP: A check that determines whether and when a requested quantity can be confirmed to a customer.

B

Backflushing: Automatic goods issue of components at confirmation, based on planned quantities, instead of manual issue.
Background Job: A program run scheduled to execute without user interaction in a background work process.
Backlog: An ordered list of work items, such as requirements, gaps, and user stories, maintained by the product owner.
Backorder ProcessingBOP: Re-running availability checks for many sales documents to redistribute confirmed quantities by priority.
Batch Determination: Automatic selection of batches for goods issues, deliveries, or production using strategy records and characteristics.
Batch InputBDC: A technique that simulates dialog transactions screen by screen to enter data, often used for loads and legacy interfaces.
Batch Management: Tracking materials in batches with specific characteristics, shelf life, and traceability.
Bill of MaterialsBOM: A structured list of components and quantities needed to make a product.
Billing Document: An SD document such as an invoice, credit memo, or debit memo that posts receivables and revenue to FI.
Boundary Value AnalysisBVA: A test design technique that selects inputs at and just beyond the edges of valid ranges.
Brownfield: An S/4HANA transition approach that converts an existing ECC system in place, keeping data, configuration, and custom code.
Business Add-InBAdI: An object-oriented enhancement option where customers implement SAP-defined interfaces to add custom logic.
Business Application Programming InterfaceBAPI: A standardized, remote-enabled function module for business objects, such as BAPI_SALESORDER_CREATEFROMDAT2.
Business BlueprintBBP: The ASAP design phase deliverable documenting future business processes and requirements in detail.
Business Catalog: A collection of Fiori apps and authorizations that forms a reusable building block of business roles.
Business Downtime: The period when users cannot use a system during an upgrade, conversion, or cutover.
Business Freeze: A period around cutover when business transactions in the legacy system are stopped or restricted.
Business Function: A switchable unit of SAP functionality activated via the Switch Framework; many activations are irreversible.
Business PartnerBP: The S/4HANA single master data object for customers, suppliers, and other parties, with roles for each use.
Business Partner Role: A BP classification, such as FLCU01 customer or FLVN01 supplier, that adds attributes and enables processes.
Business Process Change AnalyzerBPCA: A Solution Manager tool that identifies business processes affected by transports or updates using technical bills of materials.
Business Process Master ListBPML: An inventory of all business processes and variants in scope, organized hierarchically.
Business Process Model: A structured representation, often in BPMN, of how a business process flows across roles and systems.
Business Role: An SAP-delivered or custom role template, such as SAP_BR_AP_ACCOUNTANT, that bundles Fiori catalogs and spaces for a job function.
Business Rule Framework plusBRF+: SAP's ABAP-based rules engine for modeling decision tables, formulas, and rule sets without code changes.

C

Capacity Planning: Comparing capacity requirements with available capacity at work centers and leveling load.
Cash Management: SAP functionality for monitoring cash positions, liquidity forecasts, and bank accounts across company codes.
Center of ExcellenceCoE: A permanent organization that governs, supports, and evolves an ERP platform after implementation.
Central FinanceCFIN: An S/4HANA deployment that replicates financial postings from multiple source ERPs into one central S/4HANA system.
Change and Transport SystemCTS: SAP's framework for organizing development and customizing changes and transporting them through a landscape.
Change Document: An SAP record of changes to business objects, showing old and new values, user, and timestamp.
Change Impact Analysis: Identifying which processes, objects, and tests are affected by a planned change, such as a transport or upgrade.
Change Pointer: A record of master data changes used to trigger outbound ALE distribution of only changed objects.
Change RequestCR: A formal request to change scope, schedule, budget, or a baseline deliverable after approval.
Change Request ManagementChaRM: SAP Solution Manager functionality that controls change requests, approvals, and transport movement through the landscape.
Chart of AccountsCoA: The list of GL accounts available to one or more company codes, defining account numbers and descriptions.
Classification System: SAP's system of classes and characteristics used to describe and search objects such as materials and batches.
Clean Core: SAP's principle of keeping ERP code and configuration close to standard, with extensions built only through stable, released interfaces.
Clean Core Level A: Extensions using only released, upgrade-stable APIs and extension points under ABAP Cloud or key-user tools; the target state.
Clean Core Level B: Extensions using classic APIs and techniques that SAP lists as stable but not formally released for ABAP Cloud.
Clean Core Level C: Extensions that use internal, unreleased SAP objects; possible but at risk of breaking during upgrades.
Clean Core Level D: Not-recommended extension techniques such as modifications, implicit enhancements, or direct writes to SAP tables.
Clearing: Matching offsetting open items so that their balance is zero and marking them as cleared.
Client: A self-contained organizational and data unit within an SAP system, identified by a three-digit number such as 100.
Client Copy: Copying data and customizing from one client to another within or across systems using copy profiles.
Client Settings (SCC4): The transaction used to define clients and control their role, change options, and protection settings.
Client-Dependent vs. Cross-Client: Classification of data and settings as valid for one client only or for all clients in a system.
Cloud Foundry Environment: A BTP runtime environment for polyglot cloud applications based on the open-source Cloud Foundry platform.
Cloud IntegrationCPI: The iPaaS capability in SAP Integration Suite for building and running integration flows (iFlows).
Cloud Integration GatewayCIG: SAP's integration layer connecting ERP systems with Ariba and SAP Business Network, now part of SAP Integration Suite managed gateway.
Code Freeze: A period when no new development or configuration changes are moved toward production, except approved fixes.
Code InspectorSCI: An SAP tool for static analysis of ABAP repository objects using configurable check variants.
Code Pushdown: Moving data-intensive logic from the application server to the database layer to exploit HANA performance.
Company CodeCoCd: The smallest SAP organizational unit for which a complete, self-contained set of financial accounts is drawn up.
Compatibility Scope: ECC functions that still run in S/4HANA on-premise or Private Edition under a limited usage right expiring end of 2025 (some until 2030).
Compatibility View: A CDS-based view that replaces an obsolete ECC table name in S/4HANA so legacy SELECT statements still return data.
Component-Based Test AutomationCBTA: A Solution Manager test automation capability that builds tests from reusable screen components for SAP GUI and web UIs.
Composite Role: A PFCG role that groups multiple single roles so they can be assigned together.
Computer System ValidationCSV: Documented evidence that a computerized system consistently performs as intended in regulated (GxP) environments.
Concurrent Program: An Oracle EBS batch program executed by the concurrent manager, such as reports or posting processes.
Condition Record: Master data storing a specific price, discount, or other condition value for a key combination and validity period.
Condition Technique: SAP's generic determination method using condition types, access sequences, and condition tables to find valid records.
Condition Type: A pricing element such as PR00 price or K007 discount, defining calculation type and scale behavior.
Consignment: Supplier-owned stock held at the customer site and paid for only when withdrawn.
Continuous Integration and Continuous DeliveryCI/CD: Automating build, test, and deployment so that changes are integrated and released frequently with quality checks.
Continuous Testing: Executing automated tests throughout the delivery pipeline to provide constant feedback on business risk.
ControllingCO: The SAP module for management accounting, covering cost centers, internal orders, product costing, and profitability analysis.
Controlling Area: The CO organizational unit within which cost accounting is performed; one or more company codes are assigned to it.
Copy Control: Configuration defining how data is copied between documents, such as quotation to order or order to delivery and billing.
Core Data Services ViewCDS: A semantically rich data model defined in SAP's CDS language, executed in the database, underlying S/4HANA analytics, APIs, and Fiori apps.
Core InterfaceCIF: The real-time integration between SAP ERP and SAP APO or embedded PP/DS for master and transaction data.
Cost Center: A CO object representing an organizational area where costs are incurred, such as a department.
Cost Element: A CO classification of costs and revenues; in S/4HANA it is a special type of GL account rather than separate master data.
Credit ManagementFIN-FSCM-CR: S/4HANA SAP Credit Management for setting customer credit limits, scoring risk, and blocking risky sales documents.
Credit Memo: A billing document that reduces a customer's receivable, usually created from a credit memo request.
Custom Code: Customer-developed ABAP objects, typically in the Z, Y, or registered namespace, extending or changing SAP behavior.
Custom Code Migration: The analysis and adaptation of custom ABAP code for S/4HANA compatibility using ATC checks and usage data.
Custom Fields and Logic: S/4HANA Fiori apps that let key users add fields to business contexts and implement cloud BAdIs in a restricted ABAP language.
Custom Table (Z Table): A customer-defined database table in the customer namespace, usually prefixed Z or Y.
Customer Exit: An SAP-defined enhancement point implemented through function exits, screen exits, or menu exits in projects.
Customer Master: Master data for customers, with general, company-code, and sales area views; maintained via Business Partner in S/4HANA.
Customer-Vendor IntegrationCVI: The synchronization layer that keeps S/4HANA Business Partners and legacy customer and vendor master tables aligned.
Customizing: SAP configuration that tailors standard behavior through tables in the IMG, without changing program code.
Cutover: The transition period and set of activities moving a business from the legacy system to the new system at go-live.
Cutover Plan: A detailed, sequenced runbook of all cutover tasks with owners, durations, dependencies, and checkpoints.

D

Data Archiving: Moving old business data from the database to archive files using archiving objects, then deleting it from tables.
Data Cleansing: Correcting, standardizing, deduplicating, or archiving data before migration or ongoing use.
Data Management and Landscape TransformationDMLT: SAP's services and tools for complex data transformations such as company code mergers, carve-outs, and selective transitions.
Data Masking: Replacing sensitive values, such as names, bank accounts, or salaries, with realistic but fictitious data in non-production systems.
Data Migration: Extracting, transforming, cleansing, loading, and validating data from legacy systems into a new ERP.
Data Owner: The business role accountable for the definition, quality, and approval of a data domain.
Data Privacy: Protection of personal data through legal, organizational, and technical measures across its lifecycle.
Data QualityDQ: The degree to which data is accurate, complete, consistent, and fit for its intended business use.
Data Reconciliation: Verifying that migrated data matches source data in counts, values, and key attributes.
Data Volume ManagementDVM: Practices and tools for controlling database growth through avoidance, summarization, archiving, and deletion.
Data-Driven Testing: Running the same test logic repeatedly with different input data sets from external sources.
Database Migration OptionDMO: A SUM option that combines the database migration to SAP HANA with the update or S/4HANA conversion in one run.
Day-in-the-Life TestingDITL: Testing that simulates a realistic business day or period with users performing their normal sequence of tasks.
Defect: A deviation between actual and expected behavior that requires analysis and possibly correction.
Defect Lifecycle: The sequence of statuses a defect passes through, such as new, assigned, fixed, ready for retest, closed, or rejected.
Defect Priority: The urgency with which a defect should be fixed, set by business and project needs rather than impact alone.
Defect Severity: A classification of a defect's business or technical impact, such as critical, high, medium, or low.
Defect Triage: A regular meeting to review new defects, confirm validity, assign severity, priority, and owner.
Definition of DoneDoD: A shared checklist of conditions that every backlog item must meet to count as complete.
Delta Design: Design documentation describing only the deviations from SAP standard or best-practice processes.
Demand PlanningDP: Forecasting future customer demand using statistical models, market input, and history.
Deploy Phase: The SAP Activate phase for final readiness, cutover, go-live, and handover to hypercare.
Depreciation Area: A valuation of an asset for a specific purpose, such as book, tax, or group reporting, within a chart of depreciation.
Depreciation Key: A key that defines the calculation method for depreciation, such as straight-line or declining balance.
Depreciation Run: The periodic program that posts planned depreciation from asset accounting to the general ledger.
Derived Role: A PFCG role that inherits menus and authorizations from a master role while setting its own organizational values.
Developer Extensibility: On-stack extensibility where developers use ABAP Cloud in the S/4HANA system itself, restricted to released objects.
DevOps: Practices and culture combining development and operations to deliver changes frequently and reliably through automation.
Discover Phase: The first SAP Activate phase, where the customer explores the solution's value and builds a business case and roadmap.
Distribution Channel: The way products reach customers, such as wholesale or direct sales, used in the sales area.
Division: An SD organizational element grouping products or services, used with sales organization and distribution channel.
Document Flow: The linked chain of predecessor and successor documents for a business transaction, such as order, delivery, and invoice.
Document Splitting: A General Ledger function that splits line items by characteristics such as profit center or segment to produce balanced statements per dimension.
Document Type: A configuration key that classifies documents, such as FI document types SA or KR, or sales order types such as OR.
Dress Rehearsal: The final end-to-end rehearsal of the cutover, executed exactly as planned for production including timings and sign-offs.
Dual Maintenance: Keeping two development lines synchronized during a project, for example production support and the S/4HANA project landscape.
Dunning: Automated reminders to customers about overdue receivables, escalating by dunning level.
Dynpro: A classic SAP GUI screen with flow logic, used in module pool and report programs.

E

EarlyWatch AlertEWA: An automated SAP service report on system health, performance, security, and lifecycle status.
Electronic Bank StatementEBS: Automatic import of bank statements, such as MT940, BAI2, or camt.053, that posts and clears bank transactions.
Electronic Data InterchangeEDI: Exchange of business documents between companies in standard formats such as ANSI X12 or EDIFACT.
Embedded Analytics: Real-time operational reporting inside S/4HANA based on CDS views, without replicating data to a warehouse.
Employee CentralEC: The SuccessFactors core HR module storing employee, job, organizational, and position data.
End-to-End ProcessE2E: A cross-module business process such as order-to-cash that runs from trigger to financial outcome.
End-User Training: Training that prepares business users to operate the new system in their roles.
Enhancement Framework: The SAP technology for extending standard code without modifications, using enhancement spots, points, sections, and BAdIs.
Enhancement PackageEhP: An optional, switchable bundle of functional and technical improvements delivered for SAP ECC 6.0.
Enhancement Spot: A container grouping explicit enhancement options, such as new BAdIs and enhancement points, defined by SAP.
Enqueue and Lock Entries: SAP's logical locking mechanism that prevents concurrent changes to the same business object.
Enterprise Interface BuilderEIB: Workday's tool for building simple inbound and outbound integrations using spreadsheet templates or reports.
Enterprise Job Scheduling: Orchestrating SAP and non-SAP jobs with dependencies through tools such as SAP Central Process Scheduling or third-party schedulers.
Enterprise Resource PlanningERP: Integrated business software managing core processes such as finance, procurement, manufacturing, sales, and HR on shared data.
Enterprise Structure: The hierarchy of SAP organizational units, such as client, company code, plant, and sales organization, that frames every transaction.
Entry Criteria: Conditions that must be met before a test phase or cycle starts.
Environment, Health, and SafetyEHS: SAP functionality for incident management, chemical safety, product compliance, and occupational health.
Equipment: A PM master record for an individual physical object maintained independently, such as a pump.
Equivalence Partitioning: A test design technique that divides inputs into groups expected to behave the same, testing one representative per group.
Evaluated Receipt SettlementERS: Automatic creation of supplier invoices from goods receipts and PO prices without a paper invoice.
Event-Driven ArchitectureEDA: An integration style where systems publish events that others consume asynchronously, decoupling producers and consumers.
Exit Criteria: Conditions that must be met to complete a test phase, such as executed tests, pass rates, and open defect thresholds.
Expected Result: The specified outcome of a test step against which actual results are compared to determine pass or fail.
Exploratory Testing: Simultaneous learning, test design, and execution guided by tester experience rather than predefined scripts.
Explore Phase: The SAP Activate phase for fit-to-standard workshops, delta design, and backlog creation.
Extended Computer Aided Test TooleCATT: SAP's built-in ABAP test automation tool for recording and replaying transactions and function calls.
Extended Warehouse ManagementEWM: SAP's advanced warehouse solution for complex warehouse processes, available embedded in S/4HANA or decentralized.
Extension Ledger: An S/4HANA ledger that stores only delta postings on top of an underlying standard ledger.
Extract, Transform, LoadETL: A data integration pattern that extracts data from sources, transforms it, and loads it into a target.
Extractor (DataSource): An SAP source-system object that delivers data to BW or other targets, supporting full and delta loads.

F

Feature Package StackFPS: An S/4HANA on-premise package delivering new functions plus corrections within a release, before SPS-only maintenance begins.
Field Status Group: A setting on a GL account that controls whether fields are suppressed, required, or optional during posting.
File-Based Data ImportFBDI: Oracle Fusion's spreadsheet-template mechanism for bulk importing data such as suppliers, invoices, or journals.
Financial AccountingFI: The SAP module for external accounting, covering general ledger, payables, receivables, assets, and banking.
Financial Statement VersionFSV: A hierarchy that groups GL accounts into balance sheet and P&L line items for reporting.
Fiori App: A role-based SAPUI5 application, identified by an app ID such as F0842, delivered for a specific task.
Fiori Apps Reference Library: SAP's online catalog of Fiori apps with descriptions, required roles, services, and release availability.
Fiori Front-End ServerFES: The ABAP system component that hosts the Fiori launchpad, UI5 libraries, and Gateway hub functionality.
Firefighter (Emergency Access)FF: A temporary, logged elevated-access ID used for emergency fixes, managed by GRC Emergency Access Management.
Fiscal Year Variant: Configuration defining the number of posting periods and special periods in a fiscal year and how calendar dates map to them.
Fit-Gap Analysis: Comparing business requirements against a solution's capabilities to identify fits, gaps, and workarounds.
Fit-to-Standard: Workshops that demonstrate SAP best-practice processes to business users and determine which requirements fit as delivered.
Flaky Test: An automated test that passes and fails intermittently without code or configuration changes.
Flexfield: An Oracle extensibility mechanism: key flexfields define structured codes such as the chart of accounts; descriptive flexfields add custom attributes.
Flexible Workflow: S/4HANA workflow configuration in Fiori that lets business users define approval steps and conditions without coding.
Foreign Currency Valuation: A period-end process that revalues open items and balances in foreign currency using current exchange rates.
Full Use EquivalentFUE: SAP's licensing metric for S/4HANA Cloud and RISE that weights users by type, such as advanced, core, or self-service.
Function ModuleFM: A reusable ABAP procedure with a defined interface, grouped in function groups and optionally remote-enabled.
Functional LocationFLOC: A PM hierarchical object representing a place where maintenance is performed, such as a production line.
Functional SpecificationFS: A document describing a required business function, such as a report or interface, in business and functional terms.

G

G/L Account: An account in the chart of accounts used to record balances and postings for a specific purpose in the ledger.
General Data Protection RegulationGDPR: EU regulation governing processing of personal data, affecting ERP data retention, access, and test data use.
General LedgerGL: The complete record of all financial transactions of a company, organized by GL account.
Generative AIGenAI: AI that produces new content, such as text, code, or images, from patterns learned in training data.
Generative AI Hub: The SAP AI Core capability providing governed access to multiple LLMs with prompt management, grounding, and filtering.
Git-Enabled Change and Transport SystemgCTS: SAP's integration of Git with CTS, allowing ABAP objects to be versioned and deployed through Git repositories.
Global Template: A standardized ERP design built once and rolled out to multiple countries or business units with local extensions.
Go-Live: The moment a new system or release becomes the production system of record for business operations.
Go/No-Go Decision: A formal checkpoint where leadership decides whether readiness criteria are met to proceed with cutover or go-live.
Golden Record: The single, trusted version of a master data entity consolidated from multiple sources.
Goods Movement: A physical or logical stock change, such as receipt, issue, or transfer, recorded in SAP with a movement type.
Goods ReceiptGR: The goods movement recording receipt of goods from a supplier or production, increasing stock.
GR/IR Clearing AccountGR/IR: A clearing account that holds the value between goods receipt and invoice receipt for purchase orders.
Greenfield: An S/4HANA transition approach that builds a new system with fresh configuration and migrates selected data.
GROW with SAP: SAP's offering for new, mostly midsize customers implementing S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition with preconfigured best practices.

H

Hallucination: Plausible-sounding but incorrect or fabricated output produced by a generative AI model.
Hire to RetireH2R: The HR process covering recruiting, onboarding, employee administration, payroll, and separation.
House Bank: A bank where a company code holds accounts, configured with bank accounts that the payment program and bank statements use.
HTTP Service Hierarchy (SICF): The transaction for maintaining and activating HTTP services in an ABAP system.
Human-in-the-LoopHITL: A design in which humans review, approve, or correct AI outputs or actions at defined checkpoints.
Hybrid Delivery: A delivery model combining waterfall phase gates and milestones with agile sprints for build and testing.
Hypercare: An intensified support period after go-live in which the project team resolves issues and stabilizes operations.
Hyperscaler: A large public cloud provider, such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud, hosting SAP workloads.

I

IDoc Status: A two-digit code recording an IDoc's processing state, such as 03 (passed to port) or 51 (application error).
Implementation GuideIMG: The hierarchical customizing menu where SAP configuration is maintained, opened via transaction SPRO.
Implicit Enhancement: An enhancement inserted at predefined implicit points, such as the start or end of a routine, without SAP-provided hooks.
Infor CloudSuite: Infor's industry-specific cloud ERP suites, including M3 and LN, for manufacturing, distribution, and other sectors.
Information Lifecycle ManagementILM: SAP functionality for retaining, blocking, archiving, and destroying data according to legal retention rules.
Infotype: A logical HCM data group, identified by a four-digit number, such as 0001 Organizational Assignment or 0008 Basic Pay.
Inquiry and Quotation: Pre-sales SD documents recording a customer request for information and the binding offer that follows.
Inspection Lot: A QM document requesting inspection of a specific quantity of material, created automatically or manually.
Integration FlowiFlow: A designed message flow in SAP Cloud Integration that connects senders and receivers with mapping and routing steps.
Intelligent Document ProcessingIDP: Extracting structured data from documents such as invoices or orders using OCR and machine learning.
IntercompanyIC: Transactions between legal entities of the same group, such as intercompany sales or cross-company postings.
Interface Testing: Testing data exchange between systems, including message format, mapping, transport, error handling, and reprocessing.
Intermediate DocumentIDoc: SAP's standard document format for asynchronous data exchange, with control, data, and status records.
Internal OrderIO: A CO object for collecting costs of a specific job or event, such as a marketing campaign, for monitoring and settlement.
Internet Communication ManagerICM: The SAP component that handles HTTP, HTTPS, and SMTP communication for an ABAP application server.
Inventory ManagementIM: SAP functionality for recording stock quantities and values via goods movements at plant and storage-location level.
IT General ControlsITGC: Baseline controls over access, change management, and operations for systems supporting financial reporting.
Item Category: A key that controls the behavior of a sales document item, such as pricing, delivery relevance, and billing.

J

JD Edwards EnterpriseOneJDE: Oracle's on-premise ERP for midsize and asset-intensive companies, with continuous delivery of updates.
Joule: SAP's generative AI copilot embedded across SAP cloud applications, answering questions, navigating, and executing tasks.
Journal EntryJE: An accounting document that records a balanced posting of debits and credits to ledger accounts.

K

Kanban: An agile method that visualizes work on a board and limits work in progress to improve flow.
Key Performance IndicatorKPI: A metric measuring progress toward a business or project goal.
Key User: A business expert who represents a functional area in design, testing, and training, also called super user.
Key-User Extensibility: Low-code tools in Fiori that let business experts add custom fields, logic, and CDS views without classic development.
Keyword-Driven Testing: An automation approach where tests are composed from reusable action keywords, such as 'Create Sales Order', with parameters.
Knowledge Base ArticleKBA: An SAP support document that explains symptoms, causes, and solutions without delivering code corrections.
Kyma Runtime: A BTP runtime based on Kubernetes for containerized applications and serverless functions.

L

Large Language ModelLLM: A neural network trained on large text corpora that generates and interprets natural language and code.
Leading Ledger0L: The main SAP ledger, usually 0L, that reflects the group accounting principle and integrates with controlling.
Legacy Decommissioning: Retiring legacy systems after go-live while preserving required data access for audit and compliance.
Legacy System Migration WorkbenchLSMW: A classic SAP tool for loading legacy data using batch input, direct input, BAPIs, or IDocs.
Lifecycle ServicesLCS: Microsoft's portal for managing Dynamics 365 Finance and Operations environments, deployments, and updates.
Load Sequence: The ordered dependency chain in which migration objects must be loaded, for example GL accounts before open items.
Localization: Country-specific legal and business requirements, such as tax, e-invoicing, and statutory reporting, in an ERP.
Logistics Invoice VerificationLIV: The MM process for entering and checking supplier invoices against purchase orders and goods receipts.
Logon Group: A set of application servers to which user logons are load-balanced by the message server.

M

Machine LearningML: AI techniques that learn patterns from data to make predictions or classifications without explicit rules.
Maintenance Order: A PM order planning and collecting costs for maintenance work, including operations, materials, and services.
Maintenance Plan: A PM object scheduling recurring preventive maintenance by time or counter readings.
Maintenance PlannerMP: SAP's cloud tool for planning installations, updates, and conversions, and generating the stack XML for SUM.
Make-to-OrderMTO: A production approach where products are manufactured only for a specific customer sales order.
Manufacturing Execution SystemMES: Shop-floor software that manages and records production execution, integrated with the ERP.
Margin Analysis: Account-based profitability analysis in S/4HANA, where market segment details are stored in the Universal Journal.
Master Data: Relatively stable reference data, such as customers, suppliers, materials, and GL accounts, used across transactions.
Master Recipe: PP-PI master data describing the process steps, resources, and materials used in process manufacturing.
Material Document: The record of a goods movement, identified by document number and year, containing material, quantity, and movement type.
Material Document TableMATDOC: The S/4HANA table that stores all material-document header and item data for inventory movements in one place.
Material LedgerML: A sub-ledger for valuing inventory in multiple currencies and valuations, mandatory in S/4HANA, with optional actual costing.
Material Master: Master data describing a material, organized into views such as basic data, sales, purchasing, MRP, and accounting.
Material Requirements PlanningMRP: Planning that calculates net requirements and creates planned orders or requisitions to cover demand on time.
Material Type: A key, such as FERT finished goods or ROH raw material, that controls material master views, numbering, and valuation.
Materials ManagementMM: The SAP module covering purchasing, inventory management, invoice verification, and material valuation.
MDG Change Request: An MDG workflow object that carries proposed master data changes through validation and approval before activation.
Message Mapping: Transformation logic that converts a source message structure into a target structure in middleware.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central: Microsoft's ERP for small and midsize businesses, successor of Dynamics NAV.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Finance and OperationsD365 F&O: Microsoft's enterprise ERP applications for finance, supply chain, and manufacturing, also branded Finance and Supply Chain Management.
Middleware: Software that connects applications by routing, transforming, and monitoring messages between them.
Migration Object: A predefined Migration Cockpit template for a business object, such as customer, open item, or material, with fields and mapping rules.
Mitigating Control: A compensating control assigned to an accepted SoD risk, such as a periodic review of transactions.
Mock Conversion: A trial run of a brownfield system conversion on a copy of production to validate steps, runtime, and results.
Mock Load: A full rehearsal of data migration into a test system to validate mapping, quality, sequence, and timing.
Model Context ProtocolMCP: An open protocol for connecting AI applications to external tools and data sources through standardized servers.
Model-Based TestingMBT: Generating or maintaining tests from a model of system behavior or UI structure rather than recorded scripts.
Modification: A direct change to an SAP standard repository object, requiring an access key and adjustment at each upgrade.
Movement Type: A three-digit key that classifies a goods movement, for example 101 goods receipt or 261 goods issue to order.
Moving Average PriceV: A price control in which the material's valuation price is recalculated with each goods receipt.
MRP Area: An organizational unit for running MRP separately for a plant, storage location, or subcontractor.
MRP Live: The S/4HANA MRP run optimized for SAP HANA that plans materials in the database layer.
MRP Type: A material master key that controls how and whether a material is planned, such as PD (MRP) or VB (reorder point).
Multi-Tenancy: An architecture where one software instance serves multiple customers with logically isolated data.
My Inbox: The Fiori app where users process workflow tasks, such as approvals, from SAP Business Workflow and other providers.

N

Near-Zero Downtime MaintenancenZDM: Techniques that minimize business downtime during upgrades or conversions by doing most work while the system runs.
Negative Testing: Testing that the system correctly rejects invalid input, unauthorized actions, or error conditions.
New Asset Accounting: The mandatory S/4HANA Asset Accounting design posting asset values per depreciation area directly into the Universal Journal.
New Implementation: SAP's term for the greenfield transition path to S/4HANA.
Note Assistant (SNOTE): The SAP tool that downloads and implements correction instructions from SAP Notes into ABAP systems.
Number Range: A configured interval that assigns document or master-data numbers internally or accepts externally assigned numbers.

O

OAuth 2.0: An authorization framework for granting applications access to APIs using tokens rather than shared passwords.
OData: An OASIS REST-based protocol for querying and updating data, used by SAP Fiori apps and APIs.
One Version: Microsoft's policy that all Dynamics 365 Finance and Operations customers run on a current version through regular service updates.
Open Item ManagementOIM: A GL account setting that tracks individual line items as open until they are cleared against offsetting items.
Operational Acceptance TestingOAT: Testing that the solution can be operated and supported: backups, monitoring, job schedules, failover, and support procedures.
Operational Data ProvisioningODP: SAP's framework for data extraction and replication with delta support, used by BW, Datasphere, and Data Services.
Oracle Cloud Quarterly Update: Oracle's mandatory quarterly release cycle for Fusion Cloud applications, labeled by year and letter, such as 25A to 25D.
Oracle E-Business SuiteEBS: Oracle's on-premise ERP suite (release 12.2) covering financials, supply chain, manufacturing, and HR.
Oracle Fusion Cloud ERP: Oracle's SaaS ERP suite covering financials, procurement, project management, and risk, with related SCM and HCM clouds.
Oracle Integration CloudOIC: Oracle's iPaaS for integrating Oracle Cloud applications with other systems via adapters and orchestrations.
Oracle NetSuite: A multi-tenant cloud ERP for small and midsize companies, covering financials, inventory, order management, and CRM.
Oracle PeopleSoft: Oracle's on-premise application suite for HCM, financials, and campus solutions, maintained via PeopleSoft Update Manager.
Oracle Transactional Business IntelligenceOTBI: Oracle Fusion's real-time, self-service reporting tool based on subject areas over transactional data.
Order to CashO2C: The end-to-end sales process from customer order through delivery, billing, and cash application.
Organizational Change ManagementOCM: Structured activities that prepare, equip, and support people to adopt new processes and systems.
Outbound Delivery: A shipping document that triggers picking, packing, and goods issue for goods leaving a plant.
Outline Agreement: A longer-term purchasing agreement, either a contract or scheduling agreement, with a supplier.
Output Determination: Configuration determining which outputs, such as order confirmations and invoices, are produced and how they are sent.

P

Pairwise Testing: A combinatorial test design technique that covers all pairs of parameter values with a minimal set of tests.
Parallel Accounting: Maintaining books according to several accounting principles, such as IFRS and local GAAP, in the same system.
Parked Document: An incomplete FI document saved without updating balances, to be completed and posted later.
Partner Function: A role a partner plays in a business transaction, such as sold-to, ship-to, bill-to, or payer.
Partner Profile: IDoc configuration defining, per partner and message type, the port, IDoc type, and processing options.
Payment Medium WorkbenchPMW: The SAP framework that generates bank payment files, such as SEPA or ISO 20022, from payment run data.
Payroll Parallel Run: Running the new payroll alongside the legacy payroll for the same periods and reconciling results employee by employee.
Performance Testing: Testing response times, throughput, and resource use under expected and peak load, including load, stress, and volume tests.
Period-End Close: The set of tasks run at month, quarter, or year end to finalize accounting periods and produce reliable financial statements.
PFCG Role: An SAP role created in the profile generator that bundles menus, authorizations, and generated profiles for users.
Physical InventoryPI: The process of counting stock and posting differences to align system and physical quantities.
Plan to Produce: The manufacturing process from demand planning and MRP through production execution and order settlement.
Planned Independent RequirementPIR: A forecasted demand quantity for a finished product used by MRP to plan production before orders exist.
Planned Order: An MRP proposal to produce or procure a quantity of material at a given date, converted to a production order or requisition.
Planning File: A list of materials with planning-relevant changes that MRP uses to determine which materials to plan.
Planning Strategy: A setting that defines how production is triggered, such as make-to-stock or make-to-order, and how forecasts are consumed.
Plant: A logistics organizational unit, such as a factory or distribution center, where materials are produced, stored, or procured.
Plant MaintenancePM: The SAP module (now Enterprise Asset Management) for maintaining technical assets through notifications, orders, and plans.
Platform as a ServicePaaS: A cloud model providing a managed platform for building and running applications without managing infrastructure.
Post Goods IssuePGI: The goods movement that removes stock for an outbound delivery and posts the cost of goods sold.
Posting Period: A period of the fiscal year in which postings are allowed, opened and closed through the posting period variant.
Prepare Phase: The SAP Activate phase for project setup: plan, governance, team onboarding, and initial system provisioning.
Price Control: A material master setting that determines whether stock is valued at standard price (S) or moving average price (V).
Pricing Procedure: An ordered set of condition types and subtotals that calculates prices, discounts, surcharges, and taxes for a document.
Process Chain: A BW sequence of data load and processing steps executed in order with dependencies.
Process Mining: Analyzing event logs from systems like ERP to discover actual process flows, variants, and bottlenecks.
Process Order: The PP-PI equivalent of a production order for process industries, based on master recipes and phases.
Procure to PayP2P: The end-to-end purchasing process from requisition through purchase order, goods receipt, invoice, and payment.
Product CostingCO-PC: Controlling functions that calculate the cost of goods manufactured and sold for products, including standard cost estimates.
Product Master: The S/4HANA term and Fiori app for material master data, with an extended 40-character material number option.
Production Confirmation: Recording progress, quantities, activities, and times for production order operations.
Production Order: A discrete manufacturing document specifying what to produce, how much, when, and with which components and operations.
Production PlanningPP: The SAP module for planning and executing manufacturing, including MRP, production orders, and capacity planning.
Production Planning and Detailed SchedulingPP/DS: Advanced planning for finite scheduling and sequencing of production orders, embedded in S/4HANA or in APO.
Production Version: Master data that links a BOM alternative and a routing for a material over a lot size and validity range.
Profile Parameter: A configuration setting in an SAP instance or default profile that controls system behavior, such as memory or security.
Profit Center: An organizational unit for internal reporting of profit and, in S/4HANA, balance sheet items by area of responsibility.
Profitability AnalysisCO-PA: CO functionality that reports profitability by market segments such as customer, product, or region.
Project Management OfficePMO: The function that manages program planning, reporting, risks, and governance standards.
Project SystemPS: The SAP module for planning, executing, and controlling projects using WBS elements and networks.
Purchase OrderPO: A formal request to a supplier to deliver goods or services under specified conditions.
Purchase RequisitionPR: An internal request to procure goods or services, created manually or by MRP.
Purchasing Group: A buyer or group of buyers responsible for certain purchasing activities, used in documents and reporting.
Purchasing Info RecordPIR: Master data storing supplier-specific purchasing information for a material, such as price and lead time.
Purchasing OrganizationPOrg: The organizational unit that negotiates purchasing conditions with suppliers for one or more plants.

Q

Quality GateQ-Gate: A formal checkpoint at the end of a project phase where deliverables are reviewed against criteria before proceeding.
Quality Inspection: Checking materials against inspection characteristics, recording results, and deciding on stock use.
Quality ManagementQM: The SAP module for quality planning, inspection, certificates, and quality notifications.
Quality Notification: A QM document recording a quality problem, such as a customer complaint or supplier defect, with tasks and causes.

R

RACI MatrixRACI: A chart assigning Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed roles for tasks or deliverables.
Radio Frequency FrameworkRF: SAP framework for mobile handheld screens used for warehouse transactions such as picking and putaway.
RAID Log: A register of project Risks, Assumptions, Issues, and Dependencies with owners and actions.
Read Access LoggingRAL: SAP functionality that logs read access to sensitive data fields for compliance.
Realize Phase: The SAP Activate phase for iterative configuration, development, unit testing, integration testing, and data migration rehearsals.
Rebate Agreement: An agreement granting customers retroactive discounts based on sales volume within a period.
Record to ReportR2R: The finance process covering journal posting, period-end close, consolidation, and financial reporting.
Regression Suite Automation ToolRSAT: Microsoft's tool for running Dynamics 365 F&O regression tests from task recordings managed in Azure DevOps.
Regression Testing: Re-testing existing functionality after changes to confirm nothing that previously worked has broken.
Release Strategy: Classic configuration for approving purchase requisitions and orders based on characteristics such as value and plant.
Release Upgrade Testing: Regression testing performed before a vendor applies a scheduled SaaS or cloud ERP release to production.
Released API: An SAP object such as an API, CDS view, or BAdI that SAP marks as stable for customer use with a release contract.
Remote Function CallRFC: SAP's protocol for calling remote-enabled function modules between SAP systems or external programs.
Repetitive ManufacturingREM: Period-based production of the same products on production lines without individual orders, using backflushing.
Report Painter and Report Writer: Classic SAP tools for building financial and controlling reports from library-based row and column definitions.
Report-as-a-ServiceRaaS: A Workday custom report exposed as a web service for outbound integration or data validation.
Requirements Traceability MatrixRTM: A matrix linking requirements to design, build objects, test cases, results, and defects.
Responsibility (Oracle EBS): An Oracle EBS access construct granting a user a set of menus, functions, and data access within an application.
REST: An architectural style for web APIs using HTTP methods on resources, typically exchanging JSON.
Retrieval-Augmented GenerationRAG: A technique that retrieves relevant documents and adds them to an LLM prompt so answers are grounded in specific sources.
Retrofit: Re-applying changes made in a production-support landscape to a parallel project landscape.
Returns Processing: Handling customer returns through a returns order, returns delivery, goods receipt, and credit memo.
Revenue Account Determination: Configuration mapping billing condition types to revenue, discount, and freight GL accounts.
Revenue Accounting and ReportingRAR: SAP functionality for recognizing revenue under IFRS 15 and ASC 606 based on performance obligations.
RFC Destination: A configuration in SM59 that defines the target system, connection type, and credentials for outbound RFC or HTTP calls.
RISE Roles and ResponsibilitiesR&R: The contractual document listing which technical and operational tasks SAP, the customer, or partners perform under RISE.
RISE with SAP: SAP's subscription offering bundling cloud ERP, infrastructure, technical managed services, and tools under one contract.
Risk-Based TestingRBT: Prioritizing test scope and depth by the likelihood and business impact of failure.
Robotic Process AutomationRPA: Software bots that mimic user interactions with applications to automate repetitive, rule-based tasks.
Role Testing: Testing that users with production-equivalent roles can perform their tasks and are blocked from unauthorized actions.
Rollback Plan: A predefined procedure and decision criteria for reverting to the legacy system if cutover fails.
Rollout: Deploying an existing ERP template to an additional country, site, or business unit.
Root Cause AnalysisRCA: Determining the underlying cause of a defect or incident to prevent recurrence.
Routing: A master data object listing the operations, work centers, and standard times to produce a material.
Run Phase: The SAP Activate phase for ongoing operations, continuous improvement, and adoption of new releases.

S

S_TCODE: The authorization object that controls which transaction codes a user may start.
S/4HANA Output Management: The S/4HANA framework for determining and sending business document output, using BRF+ rules instead of NAST condition records.
Sales and DistributionSD: The SAP module covering pre-sales, sales orders, pricing, shipping, and billing.
Sales and Operations PlanningS&OP: A monthly cross-functional process aligning demand, supply, and financial plans at an aggregated level.
Sales Area: The combination of sales organization, distribution channel, and division that frames sales documents and customer data.
Sales Contract and Scheduling Agreement: Outline agreements with customers for quantities or values over time, with release orders or delivery schedules.
Sales OrderSO: An SD document recording a customer's request for goods or services with quantities, prices, and dates.
Sales OrganizationSOrg: The SD organizational unit responsible for selling products and negotiating terms, assigned to one company code.
SAP Activate: SAP's implementation methodology combining best practices, guided configuration, and an agile-based phase model.
SAP AI Core: A BTP service for running and managing AI models and pipelines, including access to large language models via the generative AI hub.
SAP Analysis for Microsoft Office: An Excel add-in for multidimensional analysis of BW, S/4HANA, and other SAP data sources.
SAP Analytics CloudSAC: SAP's SaaS solution for business intelligence, planning, and predictive analytics.
SAP Application Interface FrameworkAIF: An S/4HANA framework for monitoring, error handling, and reprocessing interfaces by business users.
SAP Ariba: SAP's cloud procurement suite covering sourcing, contracts, guided buying, supplier management, and the Ariba Network.
SAP Basis: The technical administration discipline for SAP systems, covering installation, transports, performance, users, and upgrades.
SAP Best Practices: SAP-delivered preconfigured content and process documentation for standard business scenarios.
SAP BTP ABAP EnvironmentSteampunk: A PaaS offering for building ABAP Cloud applications and extensions on SAP BTP.
SAP Build: SAP's low-code and pro-code portfolio on BTP covering apps, process automation, Work Zone, and Code.
SAP Build Process AutomationSBPA: A BTP service for designing workflows, decisions, and robotic process automation bots with low code.
SAP Build Work Zone: SAP BTP service that provides a central launchpad and digital workplace across SAP and non-SAP apps.
SAP Business Accelerator Hub: SAP's public catalog of APIs, events, integration packages, and CDS views, formerly the SAP API Business Hub.
SAP Business AI: SAP's umbrella for AI capabilities embedded in its applications and offered through BTP AI services.
SAP Business ByDesignByD: SAP's cloud ERP for midsize companies and subsidiaries, separate from S/4HANA Cloud.
SAP Business Data CloudBDC: SAP's data platform offering combining Datasphere, SAP Analytics Cloud, BW, and SAP-managed data products.
SAP Business Network: SAP's business-to-business network (formerly Ariba Network) where buyers and suppliers exchange orders, confirmations, and invoices.
SAP Business OneB1: SAP's ERP for small businesses, separate from S/4HANA, running on SQL Server or SAP HANA.
SAP Business Technology PlatformBTP: SAP's PaaS for application development, integration, data, analytics, and AI services.
SAP Business WarehouseBW: SAP's enterprise data warehouse for consolidating and modeling data from SAP and non-SAP sources.
SAP Business Workflow: SAP's ABAP-based workflow engine for routing work items, such as approvals, to agents.
SAP BusinessObjects BIBOBJ: SAP's on-premise BI suite including Web Intelligence, Crystal Reports, and Analysis for Office.
SAP BW/4HANA: SAP's HANA-only data warehouse with simplified object types such as advanced DSOs and CompositeProviders.
SAP Central Business ConfigurationCBC: SAP's cloud configuration tool for scoping and configuring S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition.
SAP Cloud ALMCALM: SAP's cloud application lifecycle management platform for implementation, test management, change deployment, and operations.
SAP Cloud ALM Test Management: Test management capabilities in SAP Cloud ALM for test cases, test plans, execution, defects, and traceability to requirements.
SAP Cloud Application Programming ModelCAP: SAP's framework for building enterprise services and apps in Node.js or Java with CDS-based domain models.
SAP Cloud Connector: An on-premise agent that securely connects SAP BTP services to on-premise systems through a reverse-invoke tunnel.
SAP Cloud ERP: SAP's umbrella branding introduced in 2025 for its cloud ERP offerings, especially S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition.
SAP Cloud ERP Private: SAP's 2025 name for SAP S/4HANA Cloud Private Edition, delivered mainly through RISE with SAP.
SAP Cloud Identity Access GovernanceIAG: SAP's cloud service for access analysis, provisioning, role design, and access certification.
SAP Cloud Identity ServicesIAS/IPS: SAP's cloud services for authentication (IAS) and user provisioning (IPS) across SAP cloud applications.
SAP Concur: SAP's cloud solution for travel booking, expense reporting, and invoice management.
SAP Customer ExperienceCX: SAP's cloud portfolio for commerce, sales, service, marketing, and customer data.
SAP Customer Relationship ManagementCRM: SAP's on-premise CRM suite for marketing, sales, and service, now succeeded by SAP Sales and Service Cloud and S/4HANA Service.
SAP Data ServicesBODS: SAP's ETL tool for data integration, transformation, and data quality, widely used in data migration.
SAP Datasphere: SAP's cloud data warehousing and data fabric service on BTP, successor of SAP Data Warehouse Cloud.
SAP Easy Access Menu: The default SAP GUI start screen showing the role-based user menu and the full SAP menu tree.
SAP Enterprise Cloud ServicesECS: The SAP organization that operates Private Edition systems under RISE, providing technical managed services.
SAP Enterprise Continuous Testing by Tricentis: An SAP solution extension, built on Tricentis technology, for automated testing of SAP and non-SAP applications.
SAP ERP Central ComponentECC: SAP's previous-generation ERP (ECC 6.0), running on any supported database and succeeded by S/4HANA.
SAP Event Mesh: SAP's messaging service for event-driven integration, available as Event Mesh and Advanced Event Mesh in Integration Suite.
SAP Fieldglass: SAP's cloud solution for managing contingent workforce and services procurement.
SAP Fiori: SAP's design system and user experience for role-based, browser-based business apps, built mainly on SAPUI5.
SAP Fiori Elements: Predefined floorplans, such as list report and object page, that generate Fiori UIs from OData metadata and annotations.
SAP Fiori LaunchpadFLP: The browser-based entry point that presents Fiori apps and classic transactions as tiles organized by role.
SAP for Me: SAP's customer portal for support cases, licenses, system data, notes, and download access.
SAP Gateway: The ABAP component that exposes OData services from SAP back-end systems.
SAP Global Trade ServicesGTS: SAP solution for customs management, export control, sanctioned party screening, and trade preference handling.
SAP GRC Access Control: SAP's governance solution for access risk analysis, user provisioning, role management, and emergency access.
SAP GUI: SAP's desktop client for accessing ABAP systems through classic dynpro screens and transaction codes.
SAP GUI for HTMLWebGUI: A browser-rendered version of classic SAP GUI transactions, served through the Internet Transaction Server in ICM.
SAP GUI Scripting: An automation API for SAP GUI for Windows that lets external tools record and replay GUI interactions.
SAP HANAHANA: SAP's in-memory, columnar database platform, required for S/4HANA and BW/4HANA.
SAP Human Capital ManagementHCM: SAP's on-premise HR module covering personnel administration, organizational management, time, and payroll.
SAP Integrated Business PlanningIBP: SAP's cloud solution for sales and operations planning, demand, supply, inventory, and response planning.
SAP Integration Suite: SAP's BTP-based integration platform including Cloud Integration, API Management, Event Mesh, and Integration Advisor.
SAP Interactive Forms by Adobe: SAP's PDF-based form technology using Adobe Document Services to render print and interactive forms.
SAP Kernel: The executable programs, written in C/C++, that run the SAP application server and ABAP runtime.
SAP Landscape Transformation Replication ServerSLT: SAP's trigger-based tool for real-time table replication from SAP and non-SAP sources to HANA or other targets.
SAP LeanIX: SAP's enterprise architecture management tool for inventorying applications, interfaces, and technology.
SAP Logon: The SAP GUI launcher listing configured systems and connection parameters.
SAP Master Data GovernanceMDG: SAP's solution for centrally creating, changing, approving, and distributing master data with workflow and data quality rules.
SAP NetWeaver: SAP's technology platform for ABAP and Java application servers on which ECC and older SAP products run.
SAP Note: An SAP-published correction or guidance document, identified by number, that may include code fixes.
SAP Process Integration / Process OrchestrationPI/PO: SAP's on-premise middleware for message routing, mapping, and process orchestration.
SAP R/3R/3: SAP's client-server ERP system from the 1990s whose three-tier architecture underlies ECC and S/4HANA on-premise.
SAP Readiness Check: An SAP analysis tool that reports S/4HANA conversion impacts such as simplification items, custom code, add-ons, and data volume.
SAP S/4HANAS/4HANA: SAP's current-generation ERP suite, built to run only on the SAP HANA in-memory database.
SAP S/4HANA Business Transformation CenterBTC: SAP's tool for selective data transition scenarios, such as shell conversions and data selection by company code or time.
SAP S/4HANA Central Procurement: An S/4HANA hub that centralizes requisitions, purchase orders, and contracts across multiple connected back-end ERPs.
SAP S/4HANA Cloud for Advanced Financial ClosingAFC: A BTP-based service that plans, schedules, and monitors period-end closing tasks across SAP systems.
SAP S/4HANA Cloud Private EditionPCE: A single-tenant, SAP-hosted S/4HANA offering with nearly full on-premise functionality, branded SAP Cloud ERP Private since 2025.
SAP S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition: SAP's multi-tenant SaaS ERP with standardized processes, SAP-managed upgrades, and key-user or ABAP Cloud extensibility.
SAP S/4HANA Finance for Group Reporting: SAP's consolidation solution in S/4HANA for producing group financial statements from entity data.
SAP S/4HANA Migration Cockpit: SAP's standard tool for loading data into S/4HANA using predefined migration objects via files, staging tables, or direct transfer.
SAP S/4HANA Service: Service management functions in S/4HANA for service orders, contracts, and in-house repair, replacing CRM Service.
SAP Screen Personas: An SAP tool for simplifying classic SAP GUI screens by hiding fields, adding defaults, and scripting steps.
SAP Signavio: SAP's process transformation suite for process modeling, process mining, and journey management.
SAP Signavio Process Insights: A Signavio service that analyzes ECC or S/4HANA process data to show performance indicators and improvement potential.
SAP Smart Forms: SAP's graphical form design tool for printed and emailed business documents, successor to SAPscript.
SAP Solution ManagerSolMan: SAP's on-premise application lifecycle management platform for documentation, testing, change control, and monitoring.
SAP SuccessFactorsSF: SAP's cloud HCM suite covering core HR, payroll, recruiting, learning, performance, and compensation.
SAP Supplier Relationship ManagementSRM: SAP's on-premise procurement suite for self-service shopping carts, sourcing, and contracts, now in end of mainstream maintenance.
SAP System IDSID: A three-character identifier that uniquely names an SAP system within a landscape, such as DEV or PRD.
SAP Web Dispatcher: A reverse proxy and load balancer for HTTP(S) traffic to SAP systems.
SAP_ALL: An SAP profile granting all authorizations in the system, intended only for emergencies.
SAPUI5: SAP's JavaScript UI framework for building Fiori apps, with an open-source core called OpenUI5.
Sarbanes-Oxley ActSOX: US law requiring internal controls over financial reporting for public companies, shaping ERP access and change controls.
Schedule Line Category: A key that controls requirements transfer, availability check, and movement type for sales order schedule lines.
Scope Item: A SAP Best Practices process package, identified by a code such as J45 or BD9, with process flow, configuration, and test script.
Scrum: An agile framework organizing work into fixed-length sprints with defined roles, events, and artifacts.
Security Audit LogSAL: An SAP log recording security-relevant events such as logons, failed authorizations, and RFC calls.
Segment: An organizational characteristic used for segment reporting under IFRS 8 and US GAAP, usually derived from the profit center.
Segregation of DutiesSoD: A control principle preventing one person from performing conflicting tasks, such as creating suppliers and paying them.
Selective Data TransitionSDT: A transition approach that moves selected data, organizational units, or history into S/4HANA using specialized tools.
Self-Healing Test: An automated test that adapts at runtime to UI changes, such as changed element locators, without manual script repair.
Semantic Object and Target Mapping: Fiori launchpad navigation concepts that map an intent, such as SalesOrder-display, to a specific app.
Serial Number Management: Tracking individual units of a material by unique serial numbers through goods movements and service.
Service Entry SheetSES: A document confirming services performed against a service purchase order, acting as goods receipt for services.
ServiceNow: A cloud platform for IT service management and enterprise workflows, frequently integrated with ERP systems.
Settlement: Transferring costs collected on an order or project to final receivers, such as cost centers, assets, or profitability segments.
Settlement Management: S/4HANA component using condition contracts to manage rebates, chargebacks, and other supplier or customer settlements.
Shell Conversion: Converting a copy of an ECC system without business data to S/4HANA, then selectively loading data into it.
Shift-Left Testing: Moving testing activities earlier in the delivery lifecycle to find defects when they are cheaper to fix.
Shipping Point: The organizational unit within a plant that processes outbound deliveries, determined from shipping conditions and loading group.
Side-by-Side Extensibility: Building extensions on SAP BTP that interact with S/4HANA through released APIs and events rather than inside the ERP.
Sign-Off: Formal approval by an accountable owner that a deliverable or test phase meets agreed criteria.
Simplification Item: A documented change in S/4HANA, such as a removed function or new data model, that may require action during conversion.
Simplification Item Check: Framework that runs consistency and relevance checks for simplification items in the source system before conversion.
Simplification List: SAP's document listing all simplification items for a given S/4HANA release.
Single Sign-OnSSO: Authentication that lets users access multiple systems with one login, using protocols such as SAML or Kerberos.
Smoke Testing: A quick, shallow test of critical functions to confirm a build or environment is stable enough for further testing.
SOAP Web Service: An XML-based service interface defined by WSDL, used for many SAP enterprise services and proxies.
Software as a ServiceSaaS: A delivery model where the vendor hosts and operates the application and customers subscribe to it.
Software Update ManagerSUM: SAP's tool for system updates, upgrades, and S/4HANA conversions of ABAP systems.
Solution Manager Test Suite: Solution Manager's test management capabilities, covering test plans, packages, execution, and BPCA-based impact analysis.
Source List: A list of allowed or fixed supply sources for a material in a plant over a validity period.
Spaces and Pages: The Fiori launchpad layout model that arranges apps into role-specific spaces and pages, replacing classic groups.
SPAM and SAINT: SAP tools for importing support packages (SPAM) and installing add-ons (SAINT) in ABAP systems.
SPDD and SPAU: Upgrade adjustment transactions for dictionary objects (SPDD) and repository objects and notes (SPAU).
Spool and Output Requests: SAP's print management system that holds output requests before sending them to printers or other devices.
Sprint: A fixed timebox, typically two to four weeks, in which a Scrum team delivers a potentially releasable increment.
SQL Trace: A performance trace (ST05) that records database statements executed by a user or process.
Staging Tables: Database tables where migration data is staged before loading via the Migration Cockpit.
Standard PriceS: A price control in which inventory is valued at a fixed standard price, with differences posted to variance accounts.
Static Code Analysis: Examining source code without executing it to detect defects, vulnerabilities, and standards violations.
Steering CommitteeSteerCo: The senior governance body that sets direction, resolves escalations, and approves major decisions such as go-live.
Stock Transport OrderSTO: A purchase order type used to move stock between plants, with optional delivery and billing.
Storage LocationSLoc: A subdivision of a plant where stock is physically kept and tracked by quantity.
String Testing: Testing a sequence of connected transactions within one module or process area before full integration testing.
Subcontracting: A procurement scenario where components are provided to a supplier who processes them into a finished product.
Subledger AccountingSLA: Oracle's rules-based engine that creates accounting entries from subledger transactions before transfer to GL.
Supervisory Organization: The core Workday organization type that groups workers under a manager and drives business process routing and security.
Supplier Master: Master data for suppliers, also called vendors, maintained as a Business Partner with supplier roles in S/4HANA.
Support PackageSP: A bundle of SAP corrections for a software component, applied in sequence to keep a system current.
Support Package StackSPS: A tested, coordinated combination of support packages for all components of a product version.
Switch FrameworkSFW: The SAP mechanism that controls the visibility of repository objects and configuration via switches tied to business functions.
Synthetic Test Data: Artificially generated data that mimics production characteristics without containing real personal or business data.
System Conversion: The technical process of converting an ECC system to S/4HANA, including database migration if needed and data conversion.
System Copy: Creating a duplicate of an SAP system, either homogeneous (same OS and database) or heterogeneous (different platform).
System Integration TestingSIT: Testing end-to-end processes across modules, interfaces, and systems to confirm they work together.
System Landscape: The set of SAP systems, typically development, quality, and production, connected through transport routes.
System Refresh: Overwriting a non-production system with a copy of production to provide current data for testing.

T

Tax Code: A two-character key that determines tax type, rate, and GL accounts for sales tax, VAT, or use tax postings.
Technical SpecificationTS: A document describing how a development object will be built, including objects, logic, and error handling.
Test Automation: Using software tools to execute tests, compare results, and report outcomes without manual intervention.
Test Automation Framework: A structured approach and set of guidelines, libraries, and tools for building maintainable automated tests.
Test Case: A set of preconditions, inputs, steps, and expected results to verify a specific requirement or behavior.
Test Coverage: The extent to which requirements, processes, or code are exercised by tests, expressed as a percentage.
Test Cycle: A time-boxed round of test execution, such as SIT cycle 1 or UAT cycle 2, against a specific build.
Test Data ManagementTDM: Planning, creating, provisioning, protecting, and refreshing data needed for testing.
Test Double: A substitute for a real dependency, such as a mock or stub, used to isolate the unit under test.
Test Environment: The systems, clients, integrations, data, and tools configured for executing a specific type of testing.
Test Evidence: Artifacts proving test execution and results, such as screenshots, document numbers, logs, and reports.
Test Metrics: Quantitative measures of test progress and quality, such as execution rate, pass rate, defect density, and defect leakage.
Test Plan: A document detailing the schedule, scope, resources, environments, and deliverables for a specific test phase or cycle.
Test Scenario: A high-level description of a business situation to test, often an end-to-end process variant, broken down into test cases.
Test Script: Step-by-step instructions, manual or automated, for executing a test case, including data, actions, and expected results.
Test Strategy: A program-level document defining test objectives, phases, scope, approach, environments, tools, roles, and quality criteria.
Testing Center of ExcellenceTCoE: A central function that defines testing standards, tools, automation, and metrics across projects and releases.
Third-Party Order Processing: A sales scenario where a supplier delivers directly to the customer, triggered by a purchase requisition from the sales order.
Three-Tier Architecture: The SAP client-server model separating presentation, application, and database layers.
Three-Way Match: Validating that purchase order, goods receipt, and invoice agree on quantities and prices before payment.
Tolerance Key: Configuration setting allowed deviations, such as price or quantity variances, before an invoice is blocked.
Transaction CodeT-code: A short alphanumeric command, such as VA01 or ME21N, that starts a specific SAP GUI function.
Transactional and Queued RFCtRFC/qRFC: Asynchronous RFC variants that guarantee exactly-once execution (tRFC) and in-order processing (qRFC).
Transactional Data: Data created by business events, such as orders, invoices, and postings, that references master data.
Transport Management SystemTMS: The SAP tool that configures transport domains and routes and manages import queues across systems.
Transport RequestTR: A container recording repository or customizing changes so they can be moved between systems.
Transport Route: The configured path that defines how transports move from one system to the next, such as DEV to QAS to PRD.
Transportation ManagementTM: SAP solution for planning, tendering, executing, and settling freight transport, embedded in S/4HANA or standalone.
Treasury and Risk ManagementTRM: SAP functionality for managing financial transactions such as money market deals, FX, securities, and hedges.
Two-Tier ERP: A strategy where a corporate ERP is complemented by smaller ERPs in subsidiaries, integrated for financial consolidation.

U

UI Adaptation at Runtime: Key-user capability to rearrange, hide, or rename fields directly in Fiori apps without coding.
Unit TestingUT: Testing an individual configuration item or development object in isolation to verify it works as designed.
Universal JournalACDOCA: The single S/4HANA line-item table (ACDOCA) that stores General Ledger, controlling, asset, and material-ledger postings together.
Update Set: A ServiceNow container recording configuration changes for moving between instances.
Update Task: Asynchronous processing where database changes are written by update work processes after a transaction commits.
Usage DecisionUD: The QM decision on whether inspected material is accepted or rejected, triggering stock postings.
Usage Procedure LoggingUPL: Logging of executed ABAP procedures to identify which custom code is actually used, with SCMON as the lightweight alternative.
User Acceptance TestingUAT: Testing by business users to confirm the solution supports their processes and is acceptable for go-live.
User Exit: A legacy enhancement technique where SAP provides empty subroutines in standard code, often in SD, for customer logic.
User Master Record: The record defining an SAP user's logon data, type, defaults, roles, and validity.
User Story: A short requirement description from a user perspective, typically with acceptance criteria.
User Type: A classification of SAP users, such as dialog, system, communication, service, or reference, controlling logon behavior.

V

Valuation Area: The organizational level at which material stock is valued, normally the plant in modern SAP configurations.
Valuation Class: A material master field grouping materials with the same GL accounts for inventory postings.
Variant: A saved set of selection-screen values for a report or background job.
Variant ConfigurationVC: SAP functionality for configuring complex products with characteristics, dependencies, and super BOMs.
Version Control: Tracking and managing changes to code and configuration files over time, typically with Git.
Virtual Data ModelVDM: SAP's layered set of released CDS views (basic, composite, consumption) representing S/4HANA business data.

W

Warehouse ManagementWM: SAP's classic warehouse component managing bins, transfer orders, and putaway and picking strategies.
Warehouse Number: The organizational unit representing a physical warehouse complex in WM or EWM.
Warehouse TaskWT: An EWM document that instructs a product movement from a source bin to a destination bin.
Waterfall: A sequential delivery approach where phases such as design, build, test, and deploy happen one after another.
Withholding Tax: Tax withheld from payments to suppliers and remitted to authorities, configured by withholding tax type and code.
Work Breakdown Structure ElementWBS: A hierarchical element of a project's work breakdown structure that collects costs, budget, and revenues.
Work Center: A location or resource where operations are performed, holding capacity, scheduling, and costing data.
Work ProcessWP: An operating-system process on an SAP application server that executes requests of a given type, such as dialog or background.
Workday: A SaaS suite for HCM, payroll, financial management, and planning built on a single object-based data model.
Workday Business Process: A configurable Workday workflow, such as Hire or Supplier Invoice, made of steps, approvals, conditions, and notifications.
Workday Feature Release: Workday's semi-annual release cycle (R1 and R2) that delivers new features to all customers on a fixed timeline.
Workday Security Group: A Workday construct that grants access to domains and business processes for users, roles, or conditions.
Workday Studio: An Eclipse-based IDE for building complex Workday integrations with custom logic and multiple steps.
Workday Tenant: A Workday environment instance, such as production, sandbox, implementation, or preview.
Workload Monitor: SAP's statistics tool (ST03N) for analyzing response times, transaction loads, and resource consumption.
Worktag: A Workday financial dimension, such as cost center or project, attached to transactions for accounting and reporting.
WRICEFRICEFW: Acronym for development object types: Workflows, Reports, Interfaces, Conversions, Enhancements, and Forms.